Organic Chemistry Fuctional Groups

Organics Compounds can contain elements other than C and H

Some examples of fuctional groups are: Alcohols, Halides, Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, ethers, Amines, amides, and esthers.

Halides and Nitro CompoundsThey are named similar to simple hydrocarbons and can be attracted to alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
The main chain will recieve prefixes
*di-, tri-, tetra-, in front for multiple groups

Halogens                 Nitro                       *memorize these*
F = fluoro               N02 = nitro
Cl = chloro
Br = bromo
I = Iodo


Halogenated Compounds
1. Compounds with F,Cl,Bri,I are generally insoluble
2. Fluorinated hydrocarbons are unreactinve
3. Cl and Br are more raective, but only under conditions
4. I are very reactive. The iodide atom can be easily replaced by other functional group.

Properties of Nitro Compounds
1. Normally insoluble in water
2. Unreactive to chemical attack, except under drastic conditions
3. They tend to be explosive such as TNT
4. Pleasant odour.

Alcohols-organic compounds that contains an -OH (hydroxl)
Named By...

using the longest Carbon chain containing OH group.
Replacing the E in the parent hydrocarbon with -OL

Alcohol chains has lowest possible number

Properties of Alcohols
1.Hydroxl group tends to make it soluble. But the hyddrocarbon makes it insoluble
2.All alcohols are poisonous to some degree (ethanol is in alcoholic beverages)

Multiple -OH
If a compound has more than one group, number them both and add the ending -diol, -triol, etc.

Aldehydes
are compounds that have a double bonded oxygen
and they follow standard rules (-al)
-Methanol

Ketones
a ketone is a hydrocarbon with a double bonded oxygen that is not on either end.
and they apply standard rules

1.Both are partially soluble
2.Aldehydes are very reactive and they are esily converted or oxidized
3. Ketones are relatively unreactive.

For more help and examples, check out these sources.



http://www.chemistry-drills.com/functional-groups.php?q=simple

Alkenes and Alkynes

Carbon can from single, double, and triple bonds with Carbon atoms.
The position of the double/triple bonds always has the lowest number and it is in front of the parent chain.

Alkane - single bond
Alkene - double bond
Alkyne - triple bond

Alkenes are hydrocarbons with one or moer double bonds (unsaturated(
They end in -ene from -ane
 E.g  CH3 - CH2- C - CH - CH3                         3ethyl-2pentene
                       |                  -

                    CH2 - CH3

There are also things called Geometric Isomers which are only used in Alkenes. They have the same formula but in different arrangements.

Trans/Cis

*note* This is only used for alkenes.

Trans is used when the CH3 and H3C is on opposite sides (diagonal)
Cis is used when you have CH3 and H3C on the same ( top/top, bottom/bottom)

Alkynes are carbons with 3 or more triple bonds
when naming them you change the ending from -ane and -ene to -yne

Here's a video with more examples

yea its blog time cool...

Alkenes and Alkynes hmm

if you wonder what it is then to bad don't read this because i don't know either. ... I'm just a random person doing a random blog.... yay.. fun...
OKAY.

alkene is double bone that a carbon form and a alkyne is a triple bond that carbon form basicly that's all...
yea please read other people's blog if you want more information....

okay ALL OF ALKENE AND ALKYNE ARE NOT SATURATED

sigh I'll probably fail with just that so time to make up some more stuff.
first of all for a double/tri bond it always have to be the lowest number so if there are 5 c and the bond is at from left second it won't be 4 pentene but it would be 2 pentene don't ask why because it life

C= C C C C
the H aren't there because im lazy

so we will start with alkene first. for alkene in another words double bond just change the ending from ane to ene. yes that it. not more. its as easy as 1 2 3. OMG I HAVE A QUESTION A VERY SMART STUDENT ASKS SO IT WOULD BE METHENE? NO because how can you have a double with just 1 carbon = = (i the teacher think the student isn't the smartest)
yea so methene won't work but the rest does... butene ethene propene pentaconten
okay so naming FIND THE LONGEST CONTINUES CHAIN and then PUT THE DOUBLE BOND AT THE LOWEST NUMBER AND NO 6 IS NOT LOWER THAN 2. - - IF THE NUMBER IS BIGGER THAN THE NUMBER OF CARBON IN THE LONGEST CHAIN SOMETHING IS WRONG!!!!! I RAGEEEEE!! RAWR!! also change the ending to ene that's all everything else is basically the same with alkane. THERE IS CIS AND TRANS STUFF HERE

H3C CH2 CH2 CH = CH CH3
2-hexene
there example

this makes absolutely no sense

okay Alkyne now.. OMG ITS THE SAME EXECPT IT TRIPLE AND NOT DOUBLE OMG OMG OMG CHANGE ITS ENDING FROM ANE TO YNE SOOOO CREATIVE  O YEA one other thing is there is no cis or trans for triple bond




as always youtube and some random places
okay she has weird accent lol but it pretty detailed

Organic Chemistry

this is what you have to remember.ending will change when it is not an alkane

well this thing called organic chem iono wat it is but i believe that this piece of organic is all about carbon compounds.  These compounds all have low melting points, non electrolytes and THEY CAN FORM SUPER COOL LOOKING CHAINS!!! Like omg i have NEVER seen anything so pro before. Its like art.  They can form something called a straight line, circular pattern or branched pattern.  The carbons are also supposedly pro since they can form single, double, and triple bonds.  Also characterized by one line, 2 lines or 3 lines. cool.  o yea also know that a hydrocarbon is a compound that contains both hydrogen and carbon this is someting YOU MUST REMEMBER. ok now onto other stuff you must remember. Also know that a saturated hydrocarbon means it is not possible for another atom to combine to the current chain. Unsaturated is the opposite.

here is the list of alkanes and their molecular formula.  The root of the words will be the same but the ending will change according to what you are naming so yes this is important


an alkyl also known as R is an alkane which lost 1 hydrogen.  you can find out what is an alkyl group because it is usually the left over parts of the structure. after you find a chain of the carbons, the structure left is the alkyl group.

Chemical Bonding

What is chemical bonding? I would say that it is the bonding of chemicals. WHAT? REALLY? OMG REVELATION.

NOTEWORTHY:
only valence electrons involved b/c they want to make a full shell

In junior science, it was taught that there were only two forms of bonds. Ionic and Covalent. WRONG
THERE ARE TWO PLUS A SUB DIVISION OF ONE OF THEM. *GASP*

Ionic Bonds
electrons transfered ie. GIVE ME ALL YOUR ELECTRONS FOOL
Non-Polar Covalent Bonds
electrons are shared equally ie. SHARING IS CARING, LETS SHARE TOGETHER
Polar Covalent Bonds
electrons are shared unequally ie. MOM TOLD ME WE HAD TO SHARE SO TAKE THIS

How do bonds come to be? Electrostatic Force acts on subatomic particles. Like charges repel, opposites attract. Cool? cool.

Ionic Bonds
-electrons transferred from metal to non-metal
-metal forms positive ion(cation) bc loses electrons
-non-metal forms negative ion(anion) bc gains electrons

Ionic bond of Na and Cl to form NaCl

As we can see, the lone electron from Na is transferred to Cl. Both acquire full valence shells and become more stable. Since they both have charges opposite to each other after the reaction, they are then attracted to each other in a bond.

Electronegativity
This is how much atoms want to gain electrons. If we measure the electronegativity from two different atoms, we can determine what kind of bond they will form with the difference in absolute value.

enegdiff = Math.Abs(eneg1 - eneg2); if (enegdiff < 0.5){       bondtype = nonpolarcovalent; } if (enegdiff >0.5 && enegdiff< 1.8){       bondtype = polarcovalent; } if (enegdiff >1.8){       bondtype = ionic; }

Non-polar Covalent

electrons shared equally due to octet rule

bonds formed are IMPECCABLY STRONG

this would lead you to think that they have very high melting points but for some this is not the case

Molecules are held by Intermolecular forces, which are WEAK. During the boiling process, the bonds themselves may not give, but the weaker intermolecular forces will.

electrons equally shared in the centre

 Before we continue:

Polar ---> opposite charges on opposite sides of the bond

NonPolar ---> both sides equal in charge

Polar Covalent

One atom will have significantly more electronegativity than the other, therefore, electrons will spend time in one atom more than another. This will create poles on either side of the bond because one atom will be slightly more negative and the other slightly more positive.

If the atom has higher electronegativity ---> partial negative betw. 0 to -1

If the atom has lower electronegativity ---> partial positive betw. 0 to +1

for Ionic bond: higher electronegativity ---> atom forms cation

                       lower electronegativity ---> atom forms anion

Observe the above picture. The arrows represent which way the electrons are migrating due to the polarity

The little hook symbols represent the partial charge on either side of the polar bond. Dipole attraction refers to the attractive force between the negative end of one polar bond to the positive end of another polar bond.

Kthnxbye

Periodic Trends

There are many trends within the periodic table whether it is in groups, left right up down or w.e. Here are some of the following

Elements are more metallic as they go down in a family and all the metals are grouped on the left while all the non metals are on the right. The metalloids are in the middle

Atomic radius decreases going right in a period but increases going down a family. Going across a table also increases the atomic number aka protons.

Metals and nonmetals in reactivity is quite funny. When a metal goes down and right once it gets more reactive so if it goes up and left once it is getting less reactive. Nonmetals are opposite of this. Going up in a family increases its reactivity

Electronegativity is a measure of the attraction of an atom for the electron. The higher it is the more attraction it has to electrons. electronegativity decreases as atomic number increases.

Melting and boiling point. The elements near the centre of the table has the highest while noble gases have the lowest

ionization energy is the amount of energy needed to remove 1 electron because it is a noob and not needed. Ion. Energy is increases moving left to right in a period and decreases moving down a family.

Electron configuration... yes boring title i agree too...

silicon is 1s22s22p63s23p2

DOES THAT MAKE ANY SENSE TO YOU?
IF NOT PLEASE CALL 1-800-NED-CHEM THERE YOU WILL GET ALL.
okay time to get REAL serious.

So what does this electron configuration mean? its basically how each electron is place in an atom.

So there are 2 numbers one is energy Level and the other is number of electrons in that energy level and orbital
Energy level is the number in the front "n" and the energy difference between 2 energy levels is called quantum of energy. COOOL quantum... = =.
now there is this thing called ground state and excited state.
ground mean its stable and will most likely not do some random explosion.
excited means its excited... imagine an excited person.. what will he/her? yea jump around and that is what the electron does too... it jumps.. to the lower shell to gain stability and become ground. In this process it releases energy..SO MUCH TALKING BORING...
Orbital = region of space used by an electron in an energy level s.p.d.f
Shell = a group that have the same orbital and n value the 1.2.3.4.5.6.7 # in the front
Subshell = the s p d f thing that are in the same shell like 1s 1p 1d 1f but they contain different numbers of electron
in n=1 shell there can only be s type
n=2 is s and p type
n=3 is s p d type
n=4 s p d f type

all s type subshell can have 1 s orbital
p have 3 p orbitals
d have 5 d orbitals
f have 7 f orbitals

and each orbital can have 2 electrons...
IN CONCLUSION
s subshell can have 2 electron
p have 6
d have 10
f have 14

Higher "n" number = less stability.. and = more energy release when it get excited and jump that's why the uuu stuff can only live for a millisecond

this is boring right?
i agree...

the order is 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p
7s 5f 6d 7p... BUT THAT IS LIKE NERD LEVEL MEMORIZATION
so normal people like me who isn't no-life science person use the
awesome graph of love

and yes this is as easy as it gets.

Electron always fill from the lowest.. so THERE WILL ALWAYS BE 1 + electron in 1s if u don't have 1s something is wrong...
Also electrons likes to be by themselves instead of pairs... so ALWAYS ^ ^ ^ and then v v v (yes i know they are v's... to bad)
negative Ion just means its full shell it will be like the next noble gas easy yes
positive ion isn't so cool... if its +5 you have to take away 5 electrons and if there are electron in s and p orbitals p is removed first (plz don't ask why only some random chem nerd will be able to answer you that)

by this point you are probably wondering why I'm not finish yet... (yea i know life suck i got a long blog live and read plz, apparently we learned a lot today so too bad...)
Okay now Core notation
Core Notation = above row NOBLE GAS + Valance electron config and yes this makes your life easier... BUT the teacher can be mean and make you write Uranium and make you write in stander form lovely isn't it?

WE ARE ALMOST DONE

now we got 2 bad boys Cr and Cu they are bad because THEY START WITH C don't confuse with Cs which stands for counter strike or Cd... or Dy just because people aren't that smart these days

All ions and noble gas have full valence shells the + - sign on the atom means - means its needs w/e amount of electron
+ mean it needs to get rid of w/e amount of electrons
example Ag [Kr] 4d10 5s1 and Ag ion will be [Kr] 4d10

also there is this open and close shell thing...
open = not full still open...
close = to bad no more electron is accepted and is close for business.. = full shell...

Examples
U uranium?? electron config??? STANDER FORM YES I AM MEAN
okay i give u answer... just incase your teacher give u this...

1s2,2s2 2p6,3s2 3p6 3d10, 4s2 4p6 4d10, 5s2,5p6 5d10 5f3, 6s2 6p6 6d1, 7s2
this is torture mode
normal mode.. [Rn] 5f3 6d1 7s²... OMG SO MUCH SHORTER

okay Ga is next

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p1
core is [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p1
yea now its ion is since its +3 so you have to get rid of 3 electron and always start from p then to s so answer
[Ar] 3d10 too bad no stander form its happy so yay and stable..

like electron config can't really have really weird questions so just pick random element from periodic table and write the electron config.. REMEMBER CR CU!!! THEY = EVIL

always end with youtube yes