Organic Chemistry Fuctional Groups

Organics Compounds can contain elements other than C and H

Some examples of fuctional groups are: Alcohols, Halides, Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, ethers, Amines, amides, and esthers.

Halides and Nitro CompoundsThey are named similar to simple hydrocarbons and can be attracted to alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
The main chain will recieve prefixes
*di-, tri-, tetra-, in front for multiple groups

Halogens                 Nitro                       *memorize these*
F = fluoro               N02 = nitro
Cl = chloro
Br = bromo
I = Iodo


Halogenated Compounds
1. Compounds with F,Cl,Bri,I are generally insoluble
2. Fluorinated hydrocarbons are unreactinve
3. Cl and Br are more raective, but only under conditions
4. I are very reactive. The iodide atom can be easily replaced by other functional group.

Properties of Nitro Compounds
1. Normally insoluble in water
2. Unreactive to chemical attack, except under drastic conditions
3. They tend to be explosive such as TNT
4. Pleasant odour.

Alcohols-organic compounds that contains an -OH (hydroxl)
Named By...

using the longest Carbon chain containing OH group.
Replacing the E in the parent hydrocarbon with -OL

Alcohol chains has lowest possible number

Properties of Alcohols
1.Hydroxl group tends to make it soluble. But the hyddrocarbon makes it insoluble
2.All alcohols are poisonous to some degree (ethanol is in alcoholic beverages)

Multiple -OH
If a compound has more than one group, number them both and add the ending -diol, -triol, etc.

Aldehydes
are compounds that have a double bonded oxygen
and they follow standard rules (-al)
-Methanol

Ketones
a ketone is a hydrocarbon with a double bonded oxygen that is not on either end.
and they apply standard rules

1.Both are partially soluble
2.Aldehydes are very reactive and they are esily converted or oxidized
3. Ketones are relatively unreactive.

For more help and examples, check out these sources.



http://www.chemistry-drills.com/functional-groups.php?q=simple

Alkenes and Alkynes

Carbon can from single, double, and triple bonds with Carbon atoms.
The position of the double/triple bonds always has the lowest number and it is in front of the parent chain.

Alkane - single bond
Alkene - double bond
Alkyne - triple bond

Alkenes are hydrocarbons with one or moer double bonds (unsaturated(
They end in -ene from -ane
 E.g  CH3 - CH2- C - CH - CH3                         3ethyl-2pentene
                       |                  -

                    CH2 - CH3

There are also things called Geometric Isomers which are only used in Alkenes. They have the same formula but in different arrangements.

Trans/Cis

*note* This is only used for alkenes.

Trans is used when the CH3 and H3C is on opposite sides (diagonal)
Cis is used when you have CH3 and H3C on the same ( top/top, bottom/bottom)

Alkynes are carbons with 3 or more triple bonds
when naming them you change the ending from -ane and -ene to -yne

Here's a video with more examples